# Glossar

Das für Apogee VM spezifische Vokabular, eine Zeile pro Begriff, jeder mit dem Abschnitt der Spezifikation verlinkt, der ihn definiert. Begriffe, die die Literatur festlegt, wie GKR, LogUp, KZG und RISC-V, sind nicht aufgeführt.

> Der folgende normative Text wird auf Englisch gepflegt, der kanonischen Sprache der Spezifikation.

## Glossary

> The project's own vocabulary, one line a term, each linked to the section that defines it.
>
> Normative specification of Apogee VM v1.0.0 (source: docs/glossary.md).

The project's own vocabulary, one line a term, each linked to the section that defines it. Terms
the literature fixes (GKR, LogUp, KZG, RISC-V) are not listed.

| term | meaning | defined in |
| --- | --- | --- |
| accumulator, accumulator entry | a deferred Mercury check as twelve `(side, scalar, point)` entries | [mercury.md §6](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/mercury) |
| advice | memory whose initial values the prover chose, bound by nothing | [public-values.md §6](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/public-values) |
| anchor, anchor space | tuples in a delegation type's own space pairing a request with one invocation | [delegation.md §5](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/delegation) |
| archived path | proving from a held `TraceArchive`; only the tamper suite (`checker::TamperHarness`) does | [streaming.md §6](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/streaming) |
| artifact | a circuit as data, `CircuitArtifact`; also an exported `ProgramImage` | [gkr.md §4](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/gkr), [program.md §3](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/program) |
| base claims | each committed column's claimed value where the backward pass ends | [gkr.md §5](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/gkr) |
| base format, recursion format | recursion if a statement's `VmConfig` holds `FIELD_WINDOWS`, else base | [recursion.md §1](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/recursion) |
| block | `BlockProof`: config, statement and its shards' proofs | [proof.md §1](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/proof) |
| bound wire | a decider value the verifier holds, committed instead of a public input | [recursion.md §9](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/recursion) |
| boundary | the registers' and pc's final timestamps and values; they have no rows | [memory.md §4](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/memory) |
| cached entry | a sub-expression inlined into its list's gates, not a column | [gkr.md §3](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/gkr) |
| canonical form | an element as its value, 32 bytes little-endian, below the modulus | [primitives.md §1](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/primitives) |
| challenge slot | a gate coefficient's challenge: drawn, or derived by the verifier | [gkr.md §3, §5](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/gkr) |
| channel | one LogUp identity over a shard's lookups into one table | [lookup.md §1](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/lookup) |
| copower | `x < p` as `x·2^32/p < 2^32`, void without a direct bound | [lookup.md §11](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/lookup) |
| cycle-owning | the execution families 0–6, whose time windows are ordered | [proof.md §8](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/proof) |
| decider | a Groth16 proof that the recursion root verifies, for the contract | [recursion.md §9](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/recursion) |
| declaration record, static detachment | 12 bytes a linked shim leaves in the image: how a delegation is declared | [delegation.md §7](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/delegation) |
| decoded table | an instruction family's setup columns: row `i` is pc `2i` | [program.md §5](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/program) |
| delegation | a family proving a function of a RAM frame, invoked by `ecall` | [delegation.md §1](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/delegation) |
| discharge | spending an accumulator; the rule that each lookup is one leaf of its tree | [mercury.md §6](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/mercury), [lookup.md §11](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/lookup) |
| enforcing, producing | a gate vanishing on every row; one writing the next layer | [gkr.md §1](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/gkr) |
| extra mask, kind, kind bit | `family_extra_mask` = `1 << kind`, a kind being a mnemonic's index; `b_k` its bit | [program.md §6](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/program) |
| family | a circuit and the rows it proves: instructions (0–6), memory locations or invocations | [circuits.md §1](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/circuits) |
| field memory | address space `FIELD`: cells of one `Fr`, for the recursion families | [recursion.md §2](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/recursion) |
| fold | merging a node's deferred Mercury checks into one `(A, B)` | [recursion.md §8](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/recursion) |
| frame | an execution family's queries; a delegation's RAM words at `a0` | [memory.md §2](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/memory), [delegation.md §4](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/delegation) |
| gate list, row-wise, halving | the gates from layer `k` to `k + 1`, keeping the height or halving it | [gkr.md §1](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/gkr) |
| gated key, neutral tuple | a lookup tuple under its selector; off, it reads a neutral table row | [lookup.md §4](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/lookup) |
| generic table | the committed table of `ZeroEntry`, AND, `U16GetSign`, `ShiftPowers` | [lookup.md §9](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/lookup) |
| global transcript, global state digest | G1–G11: the statement, `M` commitments, memory challenges; G11 seeds each shard | [proof.md §2](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/proof) |
| `HALT_PC` | 1: the exit row's `next_pc`, the pc's final value | [memory.md §5](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/memory) |
| height | a family's rows a shard: `2^8`, `2^12`, `2^16`, `2^18`, `2^20` or `2^22` | [program.md §7](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/program) |
| identity, image column | one `Fr` digest of the decoded tables, the image, the entry pc, `VmConfig` | [program.md §8](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/program) |
| in flight | shards worked at once, at most `max_in_flight` | [streaming.md §5](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/streaming) |
| invocation, request | a delegation's row doing one call; the `ecall` row asking for it | [delegation.md §1, §5](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/delegation) |
| journal | the public output: what the guest leaves in the output window | [public-values.md §1](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/public-values) |
| laws | Laws 1–4: locality, derived width, top layer, single source of truth | [gkr.md §4](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/gkr) |
| layer | layer 0 the committed columns, the top the outputs; `L{k}[j]` between | [gkr.md §1](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/gkr) |
| leaf, node, root | recursion programs: a leaf verifies base shards, a node 2–4 child proofs; the root, all | [recursion.md §8](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/recursion) |
| live row, padding row | `m_pc = 1`, or a zero row; in a decoded table, an instruction, or −1 throughout | [memory.md §2](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/memory), [program.md §5](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/program) |
| `M`, `W`, `S`, `V` | memory, witness and setup columns; virtual tables | [gkr.md §2](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/gkr) |
| memory form | an `Fr`'s Montgomery limbs `x·R`; on the wire only in `FR_ARITH`'s frame | [primitives.md §1](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/primitives) |
| mini-block | the `revm-block` binary: transactions over a recorded pre-state | [ethereum.md §1](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/ethereum) |
| multiplicity | a channel's `W` column counting each table row's lookups | [lookup.md §7](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/lookup) |
| padding contract | `padding.row` makes row-local relations vanish and tree inputs 1 | [gkr.md §4](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/gkr) |
| pairing side | `G2One` or `G2X`: an entry's G2 argument, `[1]_2` or `[x]_2` | [mercury.md §6](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/mercury) |
| pass 1, pass 2 | executing to commit every shard's `M` columns; again to prove each | [streaming.md §2](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/streaming) |
| phase 1, phase 2 | the decider key's ceremonies: powers of tau, then the circuit's own | [recursion.md §9](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/recursion) |
| public window | windows 2 and 3 at `2^12`: input at `0x8000`, journal at `0xC000` | [public-values.md §2](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/public-values) |
| query | one read and one write at one address in one cycle | [execution-trace.md §3](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/execution-trace) |
| RAM glue | invocations chained through their frame's words in RAM | [delegation-circuits.md §1](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/delegation-circuits) |
| reconciliation | `∏ read roots · R_b = ∏ write roots · W_b`, once a statement | [memory.md §4](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/memory) |
| registry | `family_circuit`, `recursion_circuit`: each family's one circuit | [circuits.md §1](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/circuits) |
| scratch | `scratch[i]`, a flat relation's intermediate, one per inner column | [gkr.md §2](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/gkr) |
| shard | `h` rows of one family, or one window, proved alone but for the memory argument | [streaming.md §4](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/streaming) |
| slot | `Δ` in a cycle's timestamps `4c + Δ`; a `ProgramImage` halfword; a frame position | [execution-trace.md §1](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/execution-trace), [program.md §2](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/program), [memory.md §2](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/memory) |
| SRS digest | a digest of the `SrsVerifier` and the generic table's commitments | [proof.md §3](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/proof) |
| stack | `2^σ` columns committed as one, in the recursion format | [recursion.md §1](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/recursion) |
| statement | `PublicInputs`: input, journal, exit status and the execution's record | [proof.md §1](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/proof) |
| statement shard, shard-set exactness | a `(family, index)` below its count; a block proves each once, in order | [proof.md §1](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/proof) |
| tamper twin | a forgery proved as an honest prover would, refused in its class | [circuits.md §3](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/circuits) |
| tape | straight-line coprocessor calls a node replays; `checker tape`'s listing | [recursion.md §7](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/recursion), [tools.md §4](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/reference/tools) |
| time window | a shard's claimed `[ts_start, ts_end)`; it binds nothing | [proof.md §8](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/proof) |
| transcript form | a G1 point as four 128-bit `Fr` limbs; infinity, four `2^128` | [transcript.md §4](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/transcript) |
| tuple | `T(AS, ADDR, TS, VAL)`: a memory access as one field element | [memory.md §1](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/memory) |
| `u1`, `u2` | a Mercury opening point's halves, pairing with an index's low and high bits | [mercury.md §1](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/mercury) |
| `VmConfig` | a program's families, their heights, `bytecode_size_words` | [program.md §7](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/program) |
| window | `h` words from byte `4h·w`, initialized and torn down by one shard | [memory.md §3](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/memory) |
| write-side induction | an execution family writes only words, so operands need no bound | [memory-ops.md §5](https://apogee.gweb3networks.com/docs/auditors/spec/memory-ops) |